Chinese characters : Query result

Character: 如

Modern (Beijing) reading: rú

Preclassic Old Chinese: na

Classic Old Chinese: na

Western Han Chinese: na

Eastern Han Chinese: ńa

Early Postclassic Chinese: ńo

Middle Postclassic Chinese: ńo

Late Postclassic Chinese: ńo

Middle Chinese: ńö

English meaning : be like

Russian meaning[s]: 1) походить; вроде; наподобие; 2) например; как то; 3) если, если бы; 4) или; 5) уехать (отправиться) в...

Shuowen gloss: 從隨也.從女.從口. [620]

Comments: There also exists a reading *na-s, MC ńö̀ (FQ 人恕). Also used for a homonymous *na 'to go to'. Standard Sino-Viet. is nhu'. For *n- cf. Min readings: Xiamen ʒu³, Chaozhou zu³, Fuzhou ü³.

Sino-Tibetan etymology: Sino-Tibetan etymology

Dialectal data: Dialectal data

Radical: 38

Four-angle index: 1083

Karlgren code: 0094 g-i

Vietnamese reading: ná

Shijing occurrences: 10.1, 10.3, 23.2, 24.2, 26.1, 26.5, 28.1, 29.1, 29.2, 29.3, 34.3, 35.2, 37.4, 38.2, 38.3, 47.1, 47.2, 47.3, 51.3, 54.4, 55.1, 55.2, 55.3, 57.2

Character: 妁

Modern (Beijing) reading: shuo

Preclassic Old Chinese: tekʷ

Classic Old Chinese: teuk

Western Han Chinese: tjauk

Eastern Han Chinese: ćauk

Early Postclassic Chinese: ćauk

Middle Postclassic Chinese: ćak

Late Postclassic Chinese: ćak

Middle Chinese: śak

English meaning : a marriage go-between [LZ]

Comments: Also read *dekʷ, MC ʒ́ak id.

Radical: 0

Four-angle index: 0

Karlgren code: 1120 e

Character: 字

Modern (Beijing) reading: zì

Preclassic Old Chinese: ʒǝʔs

Classic Old Chinese: ʒǝh

Western Han Chinese: ʒǝh

Eastern Han Chinese: ʒjǝh

Early Postclassic Chinese: ʒjɨ̀

Middle Postclassic Chinese: ʒjɨ̀

Late Postclassic Chinese: ʒjɨ̀

Middle Chinese: ʒjɨ̀

English meaning : to breed, nurture; love, cherish

Russian meaning[s]: 1) письменный знак; иероглиф; буква; слово; 2) записка; письмо; 3) удостоверение, документ; контракт; условие; 4) название; прозвище; кличка (совершеннолетнего); 5) помолвить (дочь); 6) родить детей; выращивать (кормить) детей; 7) любить (как детей)

Comments: Possibly derived from 子 *cǝʔ 'child' q.v. (but the meaning 'cherish, love' seems to have a separate etymology; cf. also 慈 *ʒǝ 'affectionate, loving'). A later meaning (since Han) of the same word is 'character, letter' (reflected in Viet. as chũ'). Regular Sino-Viet. is tụ'.

Sino-Tibetan etymology: Sino-Tibetan etymology

Dialectal data: Dialectal data

Radical: 39

Four-angle index: 3059

Karlgren code: 0964 n-o

Go-on: zi

Kan-on: si

Japanese reading: ji+;aza+

Vietnamese reading: chũ'

Jianchuan Bai: -cɨ3

Dali Bai: -cɨ3

Bijiang Bai: -ʒɨ̃2

Character: 存

Modern (Beijing) reading: cún

Preclassic Old Chinese: ʒ́hǝ̄n

Classic Old Chinese: ʒhǝ̄n

Western Han Chinese: ʒhǝ̄n

Eastern Han Chinese: ʒhǝ̄n

Early Postclassic Chinese: ʒhǝ̄n

Middle Postclassic Chinese: ʒhǝ̄n

Late Postclassic Chinese: ʒhǝ̄n

Middle Chinese: ʒon

English meaning : to be among

Russian meaning[s]: 1) существовать; быть в живых; 2) остаться; сохраниться; быть в остатке; 3) хранить, беречь, сберегать; запасать, накоплять; 4) скопляться; застояться; 5) вложить, сделать вклад, депонировать; 6) сделать визит, навестить

Comments: Most of words in the series have the MC final -ien, thus MC labialization in ʒon is most probably secondary (dialectal?); ʒien would be normally expected. For *ʒ́h- cf. Xiamen chun², Chaozhou chuŋ², Longdu chun².

Sino-Tibetan etymology: Sino-Tibetan etymology

Dialectal data: Dialectal data

Radical: 39

Four-angle index: 3047

Karlgren code: 0432 a

Character: 宇

Modern (Beijing) reading: yǔ

Preclassic Old Chinese: w(h)aʔ

Classic Old Chinese: w(h)á

Western Han Chinese: w(h)á

Eastern Han Chinese: w(h)á

Early Postclassic Chinese: w(h)ó

Middle Postclassic Chinese: w(h)ó

Late Postclassic Chinese: w(h)ó

Middle Chinese: ɦǘ

English meaning : eaves; abode; (place to live:) estate, territory

Russian meaning[s]: 1) стреха (навес) крыши; свод; 2) здание; 3) небо, небесный свод; мир; 4) внешность; манера держаться; 5) покров; покровительство; защита

Radical: 40

Four-angle index: 3241

Karlgren code: 0097 h

Character: 守

Modern (Beijing) reading: shǒu

Preclassic Old Chinese: tuʔ

Classic Old Chinese: tú

Western Han Chinese: tǝ́w

Eastern Han Chinese: ćǝ́w

Early Postclassic Chinese: ćíw

Middle Postclassic Chinese: ćǝ́w

Late Postclassic Chinese: ćǝ́w

Middle Chinese: śǝ́w

English meaning : to guard, keep

Russian meaning[s]: 1) охранять, защищать, оборонять; 2) удерживать; сохранять; блюсти; держаться (чего-л.); 3) ждать; 4) стар. правитель; 5) душевная чистота; [shòu] зимняя охота, см. 狩

Comments: Also read *tuʔ-s, MC śǝ̀w 'territory in somebody's guard, fief'. For *t (without fricativization) cf. Xiamen ciu³.

Dialectal data: Dialectal data

Radical: 40

Four-angle index: 3184

Karlgren code: 1099 a-b

Character: 宅

Modern (Beijing) reading: zhái

Preclassic Old Chinese: dhrāk

Classic Old Chinese: dhrāk

Western Han Chinese: ḍhāk

Eastern Han Chinese: ḍhāk

Early Postclassic Chinese: ḍhạ̄k

Middle Postclassic Chinese: ḍhạ̄k

Late Postclassic Chinese: ḍhạ̄k

Middle Chinese: ḍạik

English meaning : to inhabit, reside, dwell; to settle

Russian meaning[s]: 1) жилище, квартира; резиденция; проживать; 2) могила; 3) занимать место; 4) питать (напр. надежду); утвердиться (в чем-л.)

Comments: For *dh cf. Xiamen, Chaozhou theʔ⁸, Fuzhou thek⁸.

Dialectal data: Dialectal data

Radical: 40

Four-angle index: 7199

Character: 安

Modern (Beijing) reading: ān

Preclassic Old Chinese: ʔān

Classic Old Chinese: ʔān

Western Han Chinese: ʔān

Eastern Han Chinese: ʔān

Early Postclassic Chinese: ʔān

Middle Postclassic Chinese: ʔān

Late Postclassic Chinese: ʔān

Middle Chinese: ʔân

English meaning : be calm, peaceful

Russian meaning[s]: 1) спокойный, мирный; безопасный; покой, благополучие; 2) успокоить, умиротворить; утешить; 3) веселый; благодушный; 4) комфортабельный, удобный; 5) устроить, поместить; устроиться, поселиться; 6) положить, установить; прикрепить, смонтировать; устроить; 7) питать (надежды); лелеять; 8) перед сказуемым вопросительного предложения где?; куда?; в чем?; как?; 9) сокр. ар; ампер; 10) стар. приветствие; 11) древн. и тогда; 12) Ань (фамилия)

Comments: Character also used for homonymous *ʔān 'where'.

Sino-Tibetan etymology: Sino-Tibetan etymology

Dialectal data: Dialectal data

Radical: 40

Four-angle index: 8828

Karlgren code: 0146 a-c

Vietnamese reading: an

Character: 寺

Modern (Beijing) reading: sì

Preclassic Old Chinese: lhǝs (~ -ks)

Classic Old Chinese: lhǝh

Western Han Chinese: lhǝh

Eastern Han Chinese: zhǝh

Early Postclassic Chinese: zhɨ̀

Middle Postclassic Chinese: zhɨ̀

Late Postclassic Chinese: zhɨ̀

Middle Chinese: zjɨ̀

English meaning : eunuch; official residence

Russian meaning[s]: 1) буддийский храм (монастырь); кумирня; 2) подворье; 3) ист. присутственное место; 4) евнух; священнослужитель; древн. жрец

Comments: In Early Zhou only the meaning 'eunuch' is attested. Already since Late
Zhou the character was used with the meaning 'official residence' ('a place
where eunuchs serve'), and much later - with the meaning 'Buddhist temple'.
The Vietnamese word is a dialectal loan with the meaning 'pagoda, Buddhist
temple' (with somewhat strange phonetics); regular Sino-Vietnamese is tụ'.

Dialectal data: Dialectal data

Radical: 41

Four-angle index: 3155

Karlgren code: 0961 m-o

Vietnamese reading: chùa

Character: 尖

Modern (Beijing) reading: jiān

Preclassic Old Chinese: cem

Classic Old Chinese: cem

Western Han Chinese: cjam

Eastern Han Chinese: cjam

Early Postclassic Chinese: cjem

Middle Postclassic Chinese: cjem

Late Postclassic Chinese: cjem

Middle Chinese: cjem

English meaning : sharp point, edge [Liang]

Russian meaning[s]: 1) острие, кончик, вершина; остроконечный, заостренный; заострять; острый; обр. проницательный; 2) лучший, отличный, превосходный; 3) корчма, чайная

Dialectal data: Dialectal data

Radical: 42

Four-angle index: 4934

Vietnamese reading: tiêm

Jianchuan Bai: ćĩ4

Dali Bai: će5

Bijiang Bai: cẽ4

Character: 屹

Modern (Beijing) reading: yì

Russian meaning[s]: выситься; крутой

Radical: 46

Four-angle index: 7783

Character: 州

Modern (Beijing) reading: zhōu

Preclassic Old Chinese: tu

Classic Old Chinese: tu

Western Han Chinese: tǝw

Eastern Han Chinese: ćǝw

Early Postclassic Chinese: ćiw

Middle Postclassic Chinese: ćǝw

Late Postclassic Chinese: ćǝw

Middle Chinese: ćǝw

English meaning : province

Russian meaning[s]: 1) стар. округ; область; 2) остров посреди реки; 3) древн. селение в 2500 семей; 4) собираться; 5) Чжоу (фамилия)

Comments: Same as 洲; cf. 周.

Sino-Tibetan etymology: Sino-Tibetan etymology

Dialectal data: Dialectal data

Radical: 47

Four-angle index: 2782

Karlgren code: 1086 a-c

Vietnamese reading: châu

Character: 帆

Modern (Beijing) reading: fān

Preclassic Old Chinese: bram

Classic Old Chinese: bram

Western Han Chinese: bram

Eastern Han Chinese: bram

Early Postclassic Chinese: bam

Middle Postclassic Chinese: bam

Late Postclassic Chinese: bam

Middle Chinese: bwɨm

English meaning : sail [Han]

Comments: Also read fàn, MC bwɨ̀m, OC *bram-s 'to sail, go on sail'. Viet. buồm is colloquial; regular Sino-Viet. is phàm. For *bh cf. Xiamen, Chaozhou phaŋ², Fuzhou phuŋ², Jianou phoŋ².

Sino-Tibetan etymology: Sino-Tibetan etymology

Dialectal data: Dialectal data

Radical: 0

Four-angle index: 0

Karlgren code: 0625 d

Vietnamese reading: buồm

Character: 并

Modern (Beijing) reading: bìng

Preclassic Old Chinese: peŋs

Classic Old Chinese: peŋh

Western Han Chinese: peŋh

Eastern Han Chinese: pjeŋh

Early Postclassic Chinese: pjèŋ

Middle Postclassic Chinese: pjèŋ

Late Postclassic Chinese: pjèŋ

Middle Chinese: pjèŋ

English meaning : to put together, combine, compare

Russian meaning[s]: 1) рядом, вместе с..., см. 並; 2) слить, объединить, см. 併

Comments: In MC also read with even tone, pjeŋ, OC *peŋ.

Sino-Tibetan etymology: Sino-Tibetan etymology

Radical: 12

Four-angle index: 2393

Karlgren code: 0824 a-c

Character: 年

Modern (Beijing) reading: nián

Preclassic Old Chinese: nhīn

Classic Old Chinese: nhīn

Western Han Chinese: nhjǝ̄n

Eastern Han Chinese: nhiǝ̄n

Early Postclassic Chinese: nhiēn

Middle Postclassic Chinese: nhiēn

Late Postclassic Chinese: nhiēn

Middle Chinese: nien

Fanqie: 泥奸

Rhyme class: 先

English meaning : harvest, crop; year

Russian meaning[s]: 1) год; годы, возраст; 2) урожай; 3) Новый год; новогодний; 4) Нянь (фамилия)

Shuowen gloss: ?

Comments: For *nh cf. Shaowu nin⁷, Chaozhou hĩ².

Sino-Tibetan etymology: Sino-Tibetan etymology

Dialectal data: Dialectal data

Radical: 51

Four-angle index: 2547

Karlgren code: 0364 a-d

Vietnamese reading: niên

Character: 式

Modern (Beijing) reading: shì

Preclassic Old Chinese: ƛǝk

Classic Old Chinese: ƛǝk

Western Han Chinese: l̥ǝk

Eastern Han Chinese: śǝk

Early Postclassic Chinese: śɨk

Middle Postclassic Chinese: śɨk

Late Postclassic Chinese: śɨk

Middle Chinese: śik

English meaning : to use, make use of, use as a model/norm, model

Russian meaning[s]: 1) норма; правило, закон; образец, модель, тип, форма; 2) формула; уравнение; 3) обряд, церемония; 4) учтивость, вежливость; 5) употреблять, пользоваться; 6) древн. вм. 軾; 7) древн. начальная эвфоническая частица

Sino-Tibetan etymology: Sino-Tibetan etymology

Dialectal data: Dialectal data

Radical: 56

Four-angle index: 6723

Karlgren code: 0918 f

Vietnamese reading: thú'c

Shijing occurrences: 36.1, 36.2

Character: 弛

Modern (Beijing) reading: shǐ

Preclassic Old Chinese: ƛajʔ

Classic Old Chinese: ƛáj

Western Han Chinese: l̥áj

Eastern Han Chinese: śáj

Early Postclassic Chinese: śáj

Middle Postclassic Chinese: śáj

Late Postclassic Chinese: śáj

Middle Chinese: śé

English meaning : unstring, slacken (e.g. a bow); release, be indulgent towards; remove; extend [L.Zhou]

Russian meaning[s]: отпустить, ослабить; распуститься

Sino-Tibetan etymology: Sino-Tibetan etymology

Radical: 57

Four-angle index: 7260

Karlgren code: 0004 |a ́

Character: 忙

Modern (Beijing) reading: máng

Preclassic Old Chinese: māŋ

Classic Old Chinese: māŋ

Western Han Chinese: māŋ

Eastern Han Chinese: māŋ

Early Postclassic Chinese: māŋ

Middle Postclassic Chinese: māŋ

Late Postclassic Chinese: māŋ

Middle Chinese: mâŋ

English meaning : see 蘉

Russian meaning[s]: суетиться; хлопотать; быть занятым; торопиться, спешить; поскорее; пораньше; страда; занятость; хлопоты

Dialectal data: Dialectal data

Radical: 61

Four-angle index: 749

Karlgren code: 0742 o

Character: 忖

Modern (Beijing) reading: cǔn

Preclassic Old Chinese: shūnʔ

Classic Old Chinese: shwǝ̄́n

Western Han Chinese: shwǝ̄́n

Eastern Han Chinese: shwǝ̄́n

Early Postclassic Chinese: shwǝ̄́n

Middle Postclassic Chinese: shwǝ̄́n

Late Postclassic Chinese: shwǝ̄́n

Middle Chinese: chón

English meaning : to measure, consider

Russian meaning[s]: раздумывать, размышлять; соображать; задумчивый

Radical: 61

Four-angle index: 3120

Karlgren code: 0431 d

Character: 戎

Modern (Beijing) reading: róng

Preclassic Old Chinese: nuŋ

Classic Old Chinese: nuŋ

Western Han Chinese: nǝuŋ

Eastern Han Chinese: ńǝuŋ

Early Postclassic Chinese: ńɨuŋ

Middle Postclassic Chinese: ńuŋ

Late Postclassic Chinese: ńuŋ

Middle Chinese: ńüŋ

English meaning : weapon; military

Russian meaning[s]: 1) оружие; воин, солдат; война; военная колесница; военный, войсковой; боевой; 2) жуны (некитайские, тюркские племена Запада); 3) великий; крупный; 4) Жун (фамилия); [nóng] вост. диал. ты, Вы

Comments: For *n cf. Xiamen ʒiɔŋ², Fuzhou üŋ², Chaozhou zoŋ². The character is used also for a number of homonymous words: *nuŋ 'be great' (metaphorically used also for 'you' in the Daya section of the Shijing); *nuŋ 'aid, help'; *nuŋ 'bushy'. The latter meaning later evolved into 'soft fur, down, wool' and (since Tang) is denoted by the character 絨.

It is not to be excluded that with the meaning 'bushy' the character was actually read *noŋ: it is probably the same as 茸 *noŋ (MC ńöuŋ) 'soft, fluffy'; is used in the binome 蒙戎 (probably *mōŋ-noŋ), which rhymes in *-oŋ in Shi 37.3. Min readings are: Xiamen 絨 ʒiɔŋ², 茸 liɔŋ², Chaozhou zoŋ², Fuzhou üŋ².

Dialectal data: Dialectal data

Radical: 62

Four-angle index: 6810

Karlgren code: 1013 a-d

Vietnamese reading: nhung

Shijing occurrences: 37.3_